Monday, November 29, 2010

Activities at Sarawittaya School

Please indebtify the difference between the library resources for school students and university students?

        content of the library materail what all contents for school student is base on need of subject but the library in university is more content that the university library .

Please indentify reading activities for school and university? sha ll it be the same or difference?

        some I was the school student before continue to university student so all retivities for is sanething.

What do you like most about the school library ?

        - Enviroment nice dicoration nice  space
        - Equipment internet service mini movie
        - Book have many kind of book

What do you suggest for improvement ?

          Everything in the library is perfect no need to improve

Knowledge and the Flow of Information

Fred Dretske



What distinguishes clever computers from stupid people (besides their components)? The author of Seeing and Knowing presents in his new book a beautifully and persuasively written interdisciplinary approach to traditional problems—a clearsighted interpretation of information theory.



Psychologists, biologists, computer scientists, and those seeking a general unified picture of perceptual-cognitive activity will find this provocative reading.



The problems Dretske addresses in Knowledge and the Flow of Information—What is knowledge? How are the sensory and cognitive processes related? What makes mental activities mental?—appeal to a wide audience. The conceptual tools used to deal with these questions (information, noise, analog versus digital coding, etc.) are designed to make contact with, and exploit the findings of, empirical work in the cognitive sciences. A concept of information is developed, one deriving from (but not identical with) the Shannon idea familiar to communication theorists, in terms of which the analyses of knowledge, perception, learning, and meaning are expressed.



The book is materialistic in spirit—that is, spiritedly materialistic—devoted to the view that mental states and processes are merely special ways physical systems have of processing, coding, and using information.


Source

Engine

 A search engine works by looking up information on the internet based on what you ask it to look for. You type words or phrases you want more information about in the search box, click on search, and get the results.

       A search engine does exactly what its called - it searches certain parts of the internet database based on the words you are searching for information on. For example, if you want football stats, it's not gonna bother looking on Cosmopolitans website, and likewise if you wanted makeup hints, they wouldn't check NFL.com.

1.Directory search engine      Most people are familiar with the concept of search engines these days. In fact, most Internet users turn to search engines on an almost daily basis to help locate information on a specific topic. Internet directories on the other hand are often overlooked, misunderstood and underappreciated by searchers looking for just the right site and by site owners looking to improve their traffic.

      Often mistaken for search engines, directories are actually collections of human reviewed web sites that have been arranged into topical categories. Popular directories like Yahoo!, Best of the Web and Skaffe can serve as excellent starting points for navigating the Internet. They can also serve as a valuable resource for small business owners looking for ways to drive more traffic to their web sites.

2.General search engine
       General search engines, including web search engines, selection-based search engines, metasearch engines, desktop search tools, and web portals and vertical market websites that have a search facility for online databases.

General:
Ask.com (known as Ask Jeeves in the UK)
Baidu (Chinese, Japanese)
Bing (formerly MSN Search and Live Search)
Blekko
Duck Duck Go
Google
Kosmix
Sogou (Chinese)
Yodao (Chinese)
Yahoo! Search
Yandex (Russian)
Yebol


3.Metasearch search engine      A metasearch engine is a search tool that sends user requests to several other search engines and/or databases and aggregates the results into a single list or displays them according to their source. Metasearch engines enable users to enter search criteria once and access several search engines simultaneously. Metasearch engines operate on the premise that the Web is too large for any one search engine to index it all and that more comprehensive search results can be obtained by combining the results from several search engines. This also may save the user from having to use multiple search engines separately.   

      The term "metasearch" is frequently used to classify a set of commercial search engines, see the list of search engines, but is also used to describe the paradigm of searching multiple data sources in real time. The National Information Standards Organization (NISO) uses the terms Federated Search and Metasearch interchangeably to describe this web search paradigm.



Source:http://www.searchengineguide.com/jennifer-laycock/sem-101-what-is.php%22%3Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines
">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_enginesource :

Sunday, November 28, 2010

Knowledge Management

1. What is the management?

ANS:
- is the process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people. source

- The term ‘management’ encompasses an array of different functions undertaken to accomplish a task successfully. In the simplest of terms, management is all about ‘getting things done’. However, it is the way and the process of how one achieves ones target or goals and it is in this respect that management is considered an art and a science as well.
source

- Management in all business and organizational activities are the acts of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources
source


2. what is knowledge management?
ANS:
- Knowledge Management (KM) comprises a range of strategies and practices used in an organization to identify, create, represent, distribute, and enable adoption of insights and experiences. Such insights and experiences comprise knowledge, either embodied in individuals or embedded in organizational processes or practice

- Knowledge Management efforts typically focus on organizational objectives such as improved performance, competitive advantage, innovation, the sharing of lessons learned, integration and continuous improvement of the organization. KM efforts overlap with organizational learning, and may be distinguished from that by a greater focus on the management of knowledge as a strategic asset and a focus on encouraging the sharing of knowledge. KM efforts can help individuals and groups to share valuable organizational insights, to reduce redundant work, to avoid reinventing the wheel per se, to reduce training time for new employees, to retain intellectual capital as employees turnover in an organization, and to adapt to changing environments and markets (McAdam & McCreedy 2000)
source


3. what is information system?
ANS:
-An information system (IS) is any combination of information technology and people's activities using that technology to support operations, management, and decision-making. In a very broad sense, the term information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between people, algorithmic processes, data and technology. In this sense, the term is used to refer not only to the information and communication technology (ICT) an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.
source


4. what are the component of information systems?
ANS:
The physical components of MIS
- Hardware
- Software
- Database
- Personnel
- Procedures


5. Why do we need to apply the knowledge management process in our business?
ANS:
- we need ways for managing the knowledge in an organization
- is for you to have your own definition of Knowledge Management; what KM is to you and your organisation. What is even more important is that you and your colleagues have a 'common shared understanding' of what KM means for you all.

To help you get started, we have included immediately below a few definitions of what KM means to some organisations. We suggest you consider them, together with any other definitions you may have, and see if there are any words or phrases that particularly 'resonate' with what you are trying to do. This will help you formulate your own definition of knowledge management.

At the end of this page, we invite you to share with us all, any definitions you have discovered and/or formulated. We can then all comment and rate the usefulness of each definition as we wish. This then provides us, at the bottom of this page, with a list of KM Definitions, listed in highest rated/ranked order, to help us even further. So please share your definitions and/or any comments or rating to definitions.
source


6. Write a mind-mapping of Knowledge Management (KM)and Information Systems?
ANS:

Monday, November 8, 2010

Copyright

1. What is information of copyright?

- Copyright is a form of protection provided to the authors of “original works” and includes such things as literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual creations, both published and unpublished. Copyright does not protect ideas. It only protects the specific and original expression of the idea. A good example of this is that there are many films and books based on the classic boy meets girl theme in which the girl’s parents disapprove of boy and after many tears, true love finally triumphs. This theme cannot be monopolised, but original works to it can be. The same can be said of all other works.



2. What is a patent?

- A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a government to an inventor or applicant for a limited amount of time (normally 20 years from the filing date). It is a legal document defining ownership of a particular area of new technology.
Patents are Granted in over 150 countries and are predicated on the theory that inventors are more likely to invent and disclose that knowledge to the public in exchange for a limited period of exclusivity. The right granted by a patent excludes all others from making, using, or selling an invention or products made by an invented process.



3. What is fairuse?

- In its most general sense, a fair use is any copying of copyrighted material done for a limited and "transformative" purpose such as to comment upon, criticize or parody a copyrighted work. Such uses can be done without permission from the copyright owner. Another way of putting this is that fair use is a defense against infringement. If your use qualifies under the definition above, and as defined more specifically in this section, then your use would not be considered an illegal infringement.

4. Why some inventions can not be copyrights?

      Because the several categories of material are generally not eligible for copyright protection, such as works that have not been fixed in a tangible form of expression.

Sources :  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright
               http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use
               http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent

Monday, November 1, 2010

Evaluation Rubric:

Evaluation Rubric:

   

1.   CASE STUDY                       

      LEVEL 4
       LEVEL 3
        LEVEL 2
     LEVEL 1
Context and Background Information
The episode is clearly situated with the appropriate details e.g. grade level, subject being taught etc.
The episode is situated with most of the appropriate details
The episode has few of the appropriate details
No context or background information
Content
Incidents are interesting and realistically portrayed
Incidents are interesting but not realistically portrayed
Incidents are realistically portrayed but not interesting.
Incidents are neither interesting, nor realistically portrayed.
Writing Skills
Writing is totally free of errors

Report of the episode is very concise
  There are occasional errors.


Report could be tightened a little
There are more than occasional errors

 Report could be tightened quite a lot
 Errors are frequent 


Report of the episode is extremely long-winded.
Format
Format is appropriate and enhances the understanding of the critical episode in a creative and dramatic manner throughout the case
Format is appropriate and enhances the understanding of the critical episode in dramatic manner for most the case
Format is appropriate and enhances the understanding of the critical episode some of the time
Format is appropriate but seldom enhances the understanding of the critical episode



2.   PRESENTATION


      LEVEL 4
     LEVEL 3
      LEVEL 2
     LEVEL 1

Delivery and Enthusiasm

Very clear and concise flow of ideas.

Demonstrates passionate interest in the topic and engagement with the class.
Clear flow of ideas


Demonstrates interest in topic and engagement with the class.
Most ideas flow but focus is lost at times

Limited evidence of interest in and engagement with the topic
Hard to follow the flow of ideas.

Lack of enthusiasm and interest.

Visuals
Visuals augmented and extended  comprehension of the issues in unique ways
Use of visuals related to the material
Limited use of visuals loosely related to the material
No use of visuals. 
Staging
Uses stage effects, such as props, costumes, sound effects, in a unique and dramatic manner that enhances the understanding of the issues in the case study
Uses stage effects, such as props, costumes, sound effects, in an effective manner to extend understanding of the issues in the case study
Limited use of stage effects, and/or used in a manner that did not enhance the understanding of the issues in the case study.
No use of stage effects
Involvement of the class:
-Questions
-Generating discussion
-Activities
Excellent and salient discussion points that elucidated material to develop deep understanding

Appropriate and imaginative activities used to extend understanding in a creative manner
Questions and discussion addressed important information that developed understanding

Appropriate activities used to clarify understanding
Questions and discussion addressed surface features of the topic

Limited use of activities to clarify understanding
 Little or no attempt to engage the class in learning
Response to Class Queries




Excellent response to student comments and discussion with appropriate content supported by theory/research
Good response to class questions and discussion with some connection made to theory/research
Satisfactory response to class questions and discussion with limited reference to theory and research
Limited response to questions and discussion with no reference to theory/research
                      


source http://www.winona.edu/air/resourcelinks/group%20case%20study.doc

How does search engine works?

How does search engine works?

-  A search engine works by looking up information on the internet based on what you ask it to look for. You type words or phrases you want more information about in the search box, click on search, and get the results. 


-  A search engine does exactly what its called - it searches certain parts of the internet database based on the words you are searching for information on. For example, if you want football stats, it's not gonna bother looking on Cosmopolitans website, and likewise if you wanted makeup hints, they wouldn't check NFL.com.


source
http://www.ask.com/questions-about/How-Does-a-Search-Engine-Work



  • Have you ever been looking for something and wished you had help searching for it? It is a common feeling that led to the creation of one of the most effective parts of the Internet--search engines.




  •  Search engines are as vital to the Internet as the websites they take you to. Without them, it would be difficult to surf the Net for anything. Search engines work so well due to the software programs used to run them.




  •  Software programs like Alta Vista and Google help search engines look for information on the World Wide Web. These software programs index information and send out "crawlers" to search for new information added to the web. Crawlers find new websites and web pages based on SEO (search engine optimization) or Meta tags.




  •  Search engines use SEOs or Meta tags to locate "old" and "new" websites. SEOs are words and phrases that appear on a web page or website that are indexed by search engines in a way that best describes it. Savvy bloggers often use key SEO phrases in the title of their blog and throughout it to help search engines better categorize their subject and blog. Meta tags are words added into a special section of a web page or website by the designer to describe it. Meta tags are not visible to an Internet surfer, but are visible to a crawler.




  •  After a crawler finds a website or web page, it is indexed into the search engine system under a category or categories. So a web page with the title "Toys for Puppies" would most likely be listed under the categories "toys" and "puppies." The crawler would decide to do this based on the terms in the title. Then, when a person surfing the Net for information lists the words "toys" and "puppies" in the search engine box, this page would pop up in the results.




  •  There are times when a website or web page that appears to have nothing to do with a specific search pops up in the results screen. This usually happens when the SEOs or Meta tags are not in line with the subject matter. Also, there are times when a web page or website is missed. However, the designers of search engines have remedied this problem by adding areas on their own specific pages to allow users to submit their web page or website to them. Basically, the makers of the search engines want to be sure that they are able to serve anyone who comes to them by providing the most accurate information available on the World Wide Web
  • Monday, October 4, 2010

    Internet

    1.What is the Internet?    
          :  Internet is a global network of computers each computer connected to the Internet must have a unique address
          
          The Internet is a global network of computers. Every computer that is connected to the Internet is considered a part of that network. This means even your home computer. It's all a matter of degrees, you connect to your ISP's network, then your ISP connects to a larger network and so on.




    2.What is Internet Product?
           An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label that is assigned to any device participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes.An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.




    3.What is the OSI Model ?
           The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at the International Organization for Standardization. It is a way of sub-dividing a communications system into smaller parts called layers. A layer is a collection of conceptually similar functions that provide services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below it. On each layer an instance provides services to the instances at the layer above and requests service from the layer below.




    4.What is Internet Infrastructure?
          One of the greatest things about the Internet is that nobody really owns it. It is a global collection of networks, both big and small. These networks connect together in many different ways to form the single entity that we know as the Internet. In fact, the very name comes from this idea of interconnected networks.




    5.What is domain names?
           A domain name is an identification label that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control on the Internet, based on the Domain Name System (DNS).
    Domain names are used in various networking contexts and application-specific naming and addressing purposes. They are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of the DNS root domain, which is nameless. The first-level set of domain names are the top-level domains (TLDs), including the generic top-level domains (gTLDs), such as the prominent domains com, net and org, and the country code top-level domains (ccTLDs). Below these top-level domains in the DNS hierarchy are the second-level and third-level domain names that are typically open for reservation by end-users that wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, run web sites, or create other publicly accessible Internet resources. The registration of these domain names is usually administered by domain name registrars who sell their services to the public.     
      

         
    6.What is World Wide Web ?
           The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known as the Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them by using hyperlinks. Using concepts from earlier hypertext systems, English engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium, wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web

    Monday, September 27, 2010

    Report

    Report

                                Thai 3G auction derailed


                                      Made By
              Ms. Jessadaporn Kijunda ID. 53041742
       Ms. Nannapat Ruangboonsuk ID. 53031786





                                      Present To
                               A.   Numthip Wipavin



                                           

       This report is a part of Library subject
     1st Semester , 2010 Sripatum International College
                                         27 September, 2010








                             Abstract


    This report is a part of Library Subject that to know  how to like the report format and today we will example of the story about Thai 3G action derailed. In this report we will talk about technology innovation of Thailand that we will know in this report.






                                  Table of Contents


    -        Thai 3G action derailed









                               Introduction

    Last week's 3G auctions in Thailand were officially suspended yesterday. The National Telecommunications Commission was unable to overturn government-owned CAT Telecom's injunction against the auctions. CAT had argued that the yet-to-be-created National Broadcasting andTelecommunications Commission (NBTC) had constitutional responsibility for the auctions, not the existing National Telecommunications Commission (NTC). Thailand's 3G auction could now be delayed until 2012, or even longer. And that's bad news for the country's private operators - AIS, DTAC, and True Move.






    Discussion
    Two months ago, things were looking rosy for Thailand's 3G auction. In July 2010, the NTC published its 3G plan in the Royal Gazette, and Thailand's 3G auction rules became law. The NTC set an auction date of 20 September 2010. 
    This was a major breakthrough for the NTC - the country's 3G auction plan had been debated for five years. On 14 September 2010, AIS, DTAC, and True Move all qualified to participate in the auction, after a last-minute scare about foreign ownership rules.
    With a week to go until the auction, government-owned CAT Telecom and TOT were still quiet. But the threat of a potential lawsuit by CAT or TOT lurked in the background. Their unhappiness with the auctions was a consequence of new 3G licensing rules, under which 3G operation licensing fees were to be paid to the NTC and not them. Currently, AIS, DTAC, and True Move pay more than 20% of their annual 2G revenues to government-owned CAT and TOT.
    CAT launched legal action the week before the auction, and on 16 September Thailand's Central Administrative Court granted CAT an injunction halting the planned auction. The injunction was granted on the grounds that the revamped constitution of 2007 stipulates that the NTC be replaced by a new unified regulator, the NBTC.
    The NTC's appeal was overturned yesterday by the Supreme Administrative Court. The Constitution Court will now take several months to decide whether the existing regulator has the legal right to conduct the auction. If not, management of the 3G auction process will fall to the new unified regulator, which lacks enabling legislation at the moment.



    Conclusion

    The final verdict in the Constitution Court is a win for CAT, the 3G auction process will be conducted by the NBTC, which still needs its enabling legislation ratified by the Thai parliament.
    Even if the government rushes this through the House of Representatives so that it can meet its year-end or early 2011 deadline, finalizing the appointment of the NBTC's commissioners will probably take months. Then the NBTC has to begin the grueling task of drawing up its frequency master plan and other 3G auction details, which could take several more months.
    Thailand's 3G auction could be pushed back until 2012. The delay could be even longer - AIS chief executive Wichian Mektrakarn has reportedly predicted that it could take at least three years for the NBTC to be established.
    The best that the private operators can hope for is that the NTC prevails against CAT in the Constitution Court. Even if this happens, the auctions will have been delayed for months. Meanwhile, AIS, DTAC, and True Move are stuck in a 2G time-warp, relying on GPRS/EDGE to support customer demand for increasingly advanced and bandwidth-hungry applications.




    Recommendation


    In the world of next generation telecommunications. Or by next-generation mobile systems. Meaning or definition of work or technology, they will focus on the speed of data transfersuch as the three G refers to a cell phone that can send and receive data at speeds from 144 kbps to 2 Mbps, or technology,GPRS Speed for receiving. 144 kbps data transmission rate and EDGE technology, the speed of data transmission equal to 384 kbps. But things need to be much further it is sustainable. And break-even to risk the uncertainties in the policy of each country. Is that investors may not be not to give careful consideration to it as well.





     Reference



    Monday, September 20, 2010

    Online Catalog and Databases

    1. Can you identify the library website, OPAC, library database? 
        - :Library website : It's a website that allow you to access to any books in the library online
           :OPAC is Online Public Access Catalogue.  Using OPAC you will be able to find the information about the Library collection.  You can search the documents by entering author, title or keyword in the query line.
           : library databases : It 's an online resource that the library subscribes to that contains artical and information from print sources such as magazine, newspapers,journal, and reference book.

    2. List 5 PDF files of articks you search from Google 
        -  1. Live Library
           4. Maketing Plan misc page 

    3. What is '' an Abstract?   
        -  It is an explanation of what the attached document contains. Usually it has the conclusions, but no  graphs or charts and only summaries of discussions.
           1.Abstract is meant to be something, but usually hard to make out. Sometimes it is only meant to make sense to the person who created it, so if it is an abstract painting-the painter.
    Abstract, as a noun, can also refer to the summarization of an article or a text, as opposed to the actual
    author's work. For example, online search engines sometimes show the full-text of an article and its
    abstract.its a work of art that comes from your heart....means something special to u....and doesn't
    have to look like something real all the time
           2. well, abstract is usually the most important bits, so as abstract art is the important details, not deep details and markings.


    4. What is '' a full-text article? 
         - In computerized databases, the complete article rather than just a citation or abstract. In LIAS databases, move from the record screen to the full text of an article by entering the command DIT. A full-text article in LIAS can be printed, sent to your email address, or saved to disk.

    5. What is your search technique when you are doing your homework or assignment?
        - My technique is try to do homework myself fisrt and then if i do not understand i will search from the internet find the solution or sometime ask teacher or friends.

    Monday, September 13, 2010

    Reference sources

    1.Where can you find information about Nobel Prize? Who get the Nobel Prize this year?
       - I can find from http://nobelprize.org/   and  The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 was divided, one half awarded to Charles K. Kao "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication",the other half jointly to Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor".


    2.Go to Encyclopedia Online at http://library.spu.ac.th Search for the history of automobiles or computer. Summarize the information you get.
       - An automobile, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.[1] However, the term automobile is far from precise, because there are many types of vehicles that do similar tasks.


    3.What is the difference between general book and reference book?
       -Book reports and essays have more differences than similarities. Book reports cover the whole book. Essays focus on a particular aspect, be it a theme, tone, character, or scene from the book. Essays reference moments from the book directly, using quotes, to make their arguments. Book reports only give general plot points. Book reports may offer personal opinions, whereas essays usually give facts.

    Read more: Differences Between a Book Report and Essay Writing
    eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_5257536_differences-book-report-essay-writing.html#ixzz0zP6jpocd

    4.When do you need to search information from the reference collection?
       - The reference collection contains words to which users refer for particular pieces fo information. /for example, people may refer to a dictionary for the spelling of a word, or an atlas to find a place.

    5.What type of reference collection that you like to use most? And why?
       - I like to use  Dictionaries beause dictionaries are used to find the meaning of words, their origin, their pronunciation and grammatical context. and There are many categories of dictionary eg. foreign language, children's, historical, regional, crossword, slang, synonyms and antonyms, abbreviations and acronyms and subject dictionaries.

    Monday, September 6, 2010

    Chapter 3

    1.Why the library is important for the learning process?
        - Because tthe library is the centre of prople and cn share knowlage, so if somebody want to make some project they can come to the library and find some book to make that project. and if somebody want to get new knowlage they can come to the library also.

    2.My experience in using a library?
        -My experience in using library that i like is when i wes grade 12 at school.
    In my library class i been there should some book to read and i should thebook name " Yoo Kub Kong "
    inside the it about love and how to make your life be happy .

    Search 5 books, 5 journals and 5 online databases from http://library.spu.ac0th (Identify title and call number.)

    5 books
    A Gentleman at the table         Call number : BJ 2028 บ215ส 2550
    Raccoons and their relatives    Call number : QL 737.C26 .S94R 2002
    Radiative heat transfer             Call number : QS 320 M62R 1993
    Human resource management  Call number : HF 5549 I92H 2004
    Total quality : management, organization, and strategy   Call number : HD62.15 E92T 2003

    5 journals
    Tisco Specialty Bank
    Scanning Beer Market
    Partnership
    HR Scorecard
    Market Segmentation
     
    5 online databases
    Business Source Premier
    Academic Search Premier
    Emerald Management
    Knowledge Bank
    Thai Thesis Online

    Monday, August 30, 2010

    Information Literacy

    Information Literacy is the ability to identify what information is needed, understand how the information is organized, identify the best sources of information for a given need, locate those sources, evaluate the sources critically, and share that information. It is the knowledge of commonly used research techniques.


    Source